Genesis 2:4-9, 2:19-22

4. These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens,

5. And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the Lord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground.

6. But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.

7. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.

8. And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.

9. And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

(...)

19. And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.

20. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.

21. And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;

22. And the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.


comments:


What order things are listed in, in the account of the creation, may or may not be literal, or may be generalized (or summarized) in many ways. I think it worth mentioning that in these verses, the order differs from what was listed in chapter 1.

In verse 5 (of chapter 2), it says that the plants were created before they were in the earth, before they grew, and goes on to suggest (in later verses) that the ground was watered, then a man was formed, and then the plants were made to grow (including the garden planted in Eden). After that, the man was placed in the garden, the animals (all other creatures) were formed, and then the woman. It has been said by some that the two different orders (comparing chapter 2 with chapter 1) indicate spiritual creation, and physical creation. Things being spiritually created, prepared, planned, and organized before the actual work of the creation sounds very reasonable to me, so I favor that explanation.

Another suggestion is that the order doesn't matter, or at least, that to us in our lives now, what order things were created in doesn't matter as much as the simple fact that all these things were created, that they exist. I trust that whatever order things were created in, was according to God's plan, and that whatever means were used to create them, was in whatever way God saw best to do it.

I have said before, that I believe the most important things are that credit for the creation goes to God, and that things were organized according to God's plan, rather than haphazard or accidental. I also believe that while we mortals here in our limited perceptions of our universe and reality in this life experience time in a strictly linear way, God is able to perceive the whole of it in a non-linear way, which may be described as "knowing the end from the beginning" not simply to say, knowing how it all will end, right from the very beginning; but also to say that God, in being able to see everything taken all together, knows what must happen in cause-and-effect relationships, to choose an effect or outcome, and then select the cause or circumstances that will lead to that end. Situations where from our perspective, all outcomes of a particular situation may appear equal, but God knows which one will lead to a better result much farther down the line. Or, alternatively, in many situations, in our limited point of view we may judge that one result of a current situation would be much better for us than another, but God can see that the result we don't like now will later on lead to something far better. And, sometimes, God may see that our choosing what we want now will lead to a negative impact on our lives later, and will allow us to still choose for ourselves... but may warn us that it is a bad choice, even if we currently have no other way of knowing that, or if popular opinion even claims the opposite.

One way I like to imagine that sort of perspective (which may be described as an eternal perspective) is by thinking of what it is like for someone who is writing a book (or a screenplay) or designing a game. Some very important parts may be written or designed that come later in the narrative, and then afterwards, the writer/designer plans what needs to happen before that, to lead up to it. At any time, the author can revisit any part of the timeline that may be desired to work on it, and if the characters in the story were capable of being aware of it, it would appear as though the creator is visiting every part of the story and making edits to it all at once, at any and every point in time, and in all places at once, and who always knows what everyone is thinking, and what everyone will do and where it will lead. It doesn't matter if the creator is literally in more than one place at a time from the creator's own perspective, because in working on every part of the story, in every location of it, in whatever order, the creator's hand is in everything. The resulting work has a beginning and an end and everything in between, and that is how the characters in the story (or someone reading a book or playing a game) experience it.

For someone reading a book, a similar perspective can be achieved after one has read the whole book, knows everything that will happen, and can then return to any page of the book to re-read a scene that, for the characters, is happening for the first time and they don't know what's going to happen yet, but the reader who has finished the book knows. Similarly, people watching a movie or tv show that they've seen before can go back and re-watch any scene in the story, in any order, and know what happened before each and what will happen after, but the characters in the story are still experiencing it in linear order because they are inside the story - unlike the people watching, who are outside of it. Playing a game and going back to re-play different parts of it can give a similar effect, and especially where one who has played the game all the way through may have a different perspective, being able to go back and choose something different at some point in order to achieve a different result later on in the game, gets closer to the perspective one has when writing a story and planning things out. The actual story still occurs in a linear way (usually) but the perspective of the player is different from what it was on the first playthrough.

I don't mean to suggest that God needs to micromanage everything. As I said before, many things that are a part of God's creation are set up so they can maintain themselves without needing everything managed for them. Also, it's pretty obvious to an awful lot of people, that God doesn't micromanage people... in that it's very common for people to not experience immediate divine retribution or reward for their bad or good behavior, and God doesn't immediately answer every prayer with instant guidance or other help. God clearly allows many situations where people are left to experience the natural consequences of their actions, or situations where they need the help of others, without God babying (or infantilizing) everyone. I see this as similar to when reasonable parents allow their children to learn to make decisions for themselves, to learn to do things for themselves, and to help each other do things instead of the parents doing everything for the children.

So as I was saying... for things like plants growing, animals migrating, weather changing, and everything else in nature, God could choose the desired result and see/know everything that would need to be in a cause-effect chain to reach that result, and thus in creating the world and everything in it, God could know from the beginning what to set in motion and how to prepare things, in order to have everything develop in the way that God chose. Even with things that may seem accidental or inconsequential. If God can see it all happening in a non-linear way, then even things that God may not directly cause to happen, would be known beforehand and God either allows them to be so, or plans in advance for a particular result, like when a gardener prunes a tree or grafts a branch or takes some other action but then lets the tree continue to grow under those circumstances so that it will eventually achieve a desired outcome. The tree does the growing, and the gardener doesn't need to form every new leaf and bud, but directs the overall growth and sometimes takes action to influence small parts of the tree as well as large ones, through both direct and indirect means.

Another thing I'd like to say about what I believe, regarding the means God used in the creation. To begin with, I don't claim to know how God does anything, but I absolutely do believe that God doesn't work against the laws of nature (including laws of physics, thermodynamics, etc.) but that the laws of nature include a great many things that humankind does not currently understand, from our point of view in this mortal life on one planet, limited to a perspective that is both time-linear and restricted to only 3 spacial dimensions. Keep in mind things like... mankind makes use of many metals which do not normally float, but by using Archimedes' principle, large ships made (mostly) of metal, are able to float in the ocean. Gravity normally causes things to fall, but using principles of aerodynamics, winged creatures can fly and humans can build devices that fly as well. Using sufficient propulsion methods, things can be launched into space from the surface of the Earth. It's not anti-gravity or some other means of causing gravity to cease functioning... it's just using additional laws of physics wisely, in order to achieve something more than what you'd get if gravity were the only thing in play. I don't believe that it makes anything done by God seem any less miraculous, to believe that it's in keeping with scientific principles, and not magic. Miraculous is what we call things that are wonderful and good and which we are not able to do ourselves, and that we cannot fathom the means used to achive them. God works miracles all the time, and just because we don't understand it all yet, doesn't mean it's not possible. It doesn't have to be magic, to be miraculous.

As I've said that we, in this life, as mortal humans, are limited to a time-linear perspective and only being able to directly observe 3 spacial dimensions using our available senses, there's a limit to how much we can know for certain (in this life) about everything. I don't believe that means we should limit our attempts to understand, our efforts in scientific inquiry. It's just that I believe in a life after this, where we will be able to learn much more, after we learn all that we can in this life. It also means that I believe that it's okay if we don't understand everything yet, and that includes the means God used in creating the Earth and everything on it, and indeed, the rest of this universe as well. As fascinating as it may be for scientific inquiry (and worthwhile effort in any case) I don't think anyone can expect to piece together the full story of the Earth's formation and the development of life on Earth, based on things that can be weighed, measured, examined, and recorded in the current state of the world from our limited perceptual range as mortal human beings. I don't believe there's enough surviving, physical tangible evidence to record and examine. It's simply incomplete, and always will be. We can't really learn the full story that way, only fragments. I hope that we may learn more about it from God in the hereafter, but I believe that there are - spiritually - more important things that God wishes to teach us while we are still in this life. I'm not saying there's no value to studying fossils and ancient geology, and other areas of scientific inquiry (I do in fact believe that there is a great deal of value to what can be learned through such studies) ...I'm just trying to say that I don't think we should expect a full set of answers from it about who Adam and Eve were, the nature of a human soul or the souls of other living things, nor should one base one's spiritual foundation on whether or not the fossil record could ever answer such questions. We should look to God for answers about spiritual things.

Genesis 2:1-3

 Genesis 2:1-3

1. Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them.

2. And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.

3. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.

comments:

This part of the Bible has been cited by many, as the start of a tradition of a day of rest every seventh day. Different traditions have varying rules, laws, and guidelines about sabbath observance. 'Sabbath' being the word used in English, meaning a stopping or cessation, or as some would say, rest (in the context of rest being to stop or cease work activity, not to be confused with recreation, which is to actively engage in activity that is specifically non-work).

Notably, the word 'sabbath' is derived from the Hebrew word 'shabbat' (noun) meaning the same thing. I am no scholar of Hebrew, but I have read that the verb is 'shavat' meaning stopped or ceased, and (if I read correctly) was used in this part of the First Book of Moses in its original Hebrew.

I have read of studies done in modern times that suggest it is good for not only humans, but animals and plants and even fields to have periods of rest (as separate from recreation, though many studies suggest that recreation is also, separately, beneficial). [I am certain that anyone wishing to look some up shouldn't have too much difficulty, with internet access or access to a good library]

Now, as I have said before, I am not convinced that that the creation of earth took place in exactly 7 earth days measuring 24 hours by our present-day measurements (nor that all measures of time in Adam and Eve's days were necessarily the same as what we know presently) ...yet, nonetheless, I do believe the creation was divided or organized by God in 7 stages: 6 periods of time each with the work appointed to them, and a 7th being appointed for rest after finishing the previous work.

For all these reasons (at minimum) I personally believe that a symbolic 7-day week with every seventh day being set aside for restful, non-work activity, is a good thing, however you go about observing it.

Gen. 1:28-31

28. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.

29. And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.

30. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.

31. And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.


comments:


First off, a brief comment on the multiplication of humankind: it has been said by some that when God told Adam and Eve to be fruitful and multiply and replenish (or fill) the earth, that it was a commandment to do so. It may have been, depending on what the word forms and grammatical structure was in the original text, in its original language. Or, perhaps, it would be a commandment later, but may not have yet been in force, since it has also been commented, and may well be true, that Adam and Eve lacked the knowledge of how to have children, being in a state of innocence and having not yet eaten from the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Or, it may well be that for some other reason (or in addition to a state of innocence) they may not have been able to have children just yet. One certain thing, is that the book of Genesis does not say that they had children until after they left the garden of Eden. More on these topics later...

...for now, what I want to say is this: regardless of what else was being communicated (or may not have been directly communicated) at this point, I believe that God was making a point of saying that humankind, like all other life God had put upon the earth, was given the gift of being able to reproduce, to have the ability to perpetuate one's own species. Even if they might not have been able to make use of that gift yet while in the garden of Eden, I believe it was a gift given to humankind, every bit as much as it was a gift given to all other forms of life that God created upon the earth, and that it was included in the part at the end of this chapter where it says that "God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good."


As for the rest of these verses: God had previously given to all other living things the ability to multiply, and told them to do so. God does the same for humankind, but also tells them a bit more about life on earth; specifically, that God gave every other living thing into their care. Recognizing humanity as having more ability to control or change everything around them, than all the other living things God had previously made, God did something he had not done with the other living things - he told the humans that he'd made, that they would have dominion over the other living things. In other words, that they would have responsibility or custodianship, with regard to other life on earth. Fortunately for them, God had created all the other living things with ability to sustain themselves, to find their own food and continue their own existence and that of their species, without needing to be constantly babysat or micromanaged all the time.

It does not say in any way, that God told them to do whatever they wanted with the earth and be irresponsible, in the same way that one does not give a toy to a child and tell them to break it. Instead, one gives a toy to a child and instructs the child to take care of it. With older children, one may give them a useful tool or something else of value and make a point of saying that they are responsible for it - it is their duty to take care of it and use it correctly. In the case that the thing given is something beyond their ability to repair or replace should they break it, they may well be warned that it is important they care for it properly, because they only get the one. If they mess it up, they have to make due because they're not going to simply be given another one, brand new.

I believe in a similar concept as applies to humankind's custodianship of the earth: God, acting as a parent might, gives to his children something that is not only valuable and useful, but life-sustaining and essential. He says that it is for their use, but similarly to when something is only loaned, he doesn't say he is giving it to them as though it would no longer belong to God who created it. He may not expect to get it back in the same pristine condition in the end, but he surely expects it to be responsibly used and not broken.

In this translation it uses the word "subdue" which, I think, reflects the view of many people in ancient times, of seeing the world as a dangerous place, where places without human population or under cultivation were viewed as wild, savage, and dangerous. For one to enter such places untrained and unprepared to protect oneself (or accompanied by someone so trained) could easily be fatal. To subdue and cultivate a place and tame or capture the animals, was to make it safe for all. The way this is written, to me simply reflects that humans were given permission to cultivate and tame, to make places safe for human habitation, and is not saying that humans are commanded to do so to absolutely everything - only as much as is necessary.

We now live in times where far more about the world is understood, and we have many ways of keeping safe when entering "wild" lands... and also there are less fully "wild" lands than there used to be. I think that "manage" might be a good suggestion as a word to currently reflect humankind's dominion over the world now, a responsibility to watch over and care for all of nature and the living things in it. Not that everything needs to be managed directly (or micro-managed), but that it should be looked after and given consideration. Our abilities have grown beyond only having the two extremes available of dealing with the world: to either avoid a place, or to take it over and cultivate it. Humankind doesn't need to tame and cultivate everything in order to care for it.

The responsibility is to care for things and protect them; not to exploit, abuse, neglect, or otherwise misuse or mistreat the living things under one's care and supervision.

Genesis 1:26-27

 

Genesis 1:26-27

26. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.

27. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.

comments:

The are a few things I would like to comment on here. One is that where it says in verse 26, "Let us make man in our image," I believe it is literally referring to the species or family of "mankind", that is, humankind as spoken of in earlier times, and thus except where only one specific "man" is indicated (such as when Adam is named and spoken of as an individual) we can consider "man" to be short for "mankind" and speaking of humanity in general (thus also not speaking only of "men" as in, male humans, but including all humans of any gender). For example, when it is said "let them have dominion over…" and even uses the plural "them", it is speaking of a role for humankind. Note that I emphasize it is all humankind included; I do not believe it was ordained by God for any race or gender to have dominance in a way that would put any other race or gender down. I believe all humankind to be equal from the beginning, created in God's image, and all of us being God's children.

As for humankind being created in God's image: I believe that to be literally true. God may have a form that could be said to be different, "spiritual", "higher", or "more advanced" in whatever ways it may be, but I believe that God created humankind to have a "humanoid" form of appearance because that is the form that God has. I know many people may believe differently, and I believe everyone has a right to believe as they do; I am stating what I believe.

I also believe that "Let us make man in our image" is also an indication that God was not a solitary, lone intelligent spirit floating endlessly in a void before creating life on Earth. I don't believe that "us" and "our" in this instance is something akin to using the "royal we" for someone to refer to one's self in the plural. At the very least, I believe that as God may be termed the father of humankind, there was at least one other who may be referred to as the mother of humankind. Creating humans (male and female) in God's image was to create them with a humanoid form; creating them in "our" image was to create humans with a male form in the image of a male, and humans with a female form in the image of a female.

Note on gender: I am here referring only (and very strictly, narrowly, only) to physical gender as determined by the genetic makeup of a human person. Except in cases of genetic anomaly, humans (as with all mammals and many other forms of life on Earth) are genetically either male or female. Everything else that people currently, popularly refer to as matters of "gender" are topics that I firmly believe to be different matters entirely, and should not be confused by using the term "gender" to refer to them (though modern English is woefully, inadequately, lacking in terms to use for some of these matters). I may elaborate more on another occasion, but for now I just want to say that I don't think anyone can fully understand my views on this entire topic without first relieving one's self of preconceived notions of labeling things as "masculine" or "feminine", and indeed, by avoiding all forms of stereotyping or of expecting anyone to fit into any category, through avoiding use of labels as much as possible.

Genesis 1:20-25

 

Genesis 1:20-25

20. And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.

21. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

22. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.

23. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.

24. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.

25. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

comments:

I've always thought it interesting that all the animal life was described as divided between two days of creation, and that birds (fowl) were listed in the first of those two days, along with living creatures in the waters (aquatic life) and that the second of those days (the 6th of creation) includes when the living things that move upon the earth (including creeping things, and as will be seen thereafter in other verses, humans) were created.

Like plants, the animals were gifted the ability to multiply and perpetuate themselves, to reproduce each "after his kind" which is to have children each of the same species as the parents.

I believe that God does everything in wisdom and order, and there would likely be a great many good reasons for creating and placing animal life on the earth in that order generally, rather than all at once in an instant. An account like this (as I have mentioned) is not necessarily factual in every way, but however may be generally true in at least some ways and not entirely symbolic only. There's the description of animal life being created in stages with three general groupings apparently based mainly around animals' movement types and dwelling places. This is further subdivided into various general categories such as whales, cattle, or creeping things, which can indicate not everything in the larger groupings is counted as being part of the same categories of what type of creatures they are. This all may be mostly symbolic, but also in part could be an account of how some of the process may have actually been in a literal and factual way, but in any case I don't think it could by any means be assumed to be a complete account of the entire process - after all, it's not as if every single species of animal created by God was listed in the way that later parts of the Bible may list every descendant in a line from one particular notable person to another. The world is far too large and wondrous a place to ever be able to describe or list everything that was included in the creating of it, without such an account becoming ponderously large and essentially overwhelming all the rest of Moses' writings if he should have even undertaken to try it.

I don't believe the purpose of this account was to tell the complete story or detail the entire process of creation used by God in creating the Earth and furnishing it with life. Even if many of the details written might have been intended to be taken as facts and not solely symbolic, I believe it represents only what was passed down from an account written by Moses, who being a descendant of Adam, would not have been expected to be present and personally remember something that happened before Adam himself was created. Moses instead, being a prophet of God and writing what God wished for him to teach to the people in his time, would have been writing what God taught to him or showed him in visions, being in either case not likely to have been reasonably able to write down every detail of every moment of creation even if it was shown to him. I think instead, he would have been writing what God had taught him were the most or more important points to teach to the people, or what Moses felt inspired to emphasize and put importance on; what the people of his time needed to know and what would be beneficial to pass down to future generations of Israelites and others who would believe in the same God.

Therefore, I think it not unreasonable to think that we shouldn't assume what is said in this relatively simple and not terribly detailed account of the creation is not the whole story and does not describe the entire process by which God created the world and everything in it. I do believe, however, that it is reasonable to assume that for the spiritual life and development of humanity, we don't need to know more about the specific details, until God sees fit to tell them. I trust that God knows and understands it all, and I may hope to learn more someday, but understand that in some things it's not important for me to know all the details, so I try to identify what is most important for me to understand about it.

Credit for the creation goes to God.

God organized the creation according to divine wisdom, and at every step checked or "saw that it was good."

God provided all things necessary for life on Earth, such as water and light, time and seasons for plants to grow, and whatever else was needed.

God gave to living things (both plant and animal life) the ability to multiply, reproduce, and generally maintain their own existence and continue each one's own species or kind.

Genesis 1:14-19

 

Genesis 1:14-19

14 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:

15 And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.

16 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.

17 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,

18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.

19 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

comments:

I have said before that I do believe in God and that God created the earth, and I believe that credit is to be given to God for the creation of the things that are listed in the book of Genesis as being things that God made or created; however I do not believe that everything is always written in an exactly literal way as it appears in English translations; possibly also not literally as it would appear in any other language, ancient or modern, but I admit I am not a scholar of, nor have I read the Bible in, any of the ancient languages predating the English translation, so I will only say I do not know how literal it may or may not be in ancient languages, though I have heard some people who have studied them say they do not believe everything is meant to be taken literally in every way.

If it were written literally, then it might (in this English version) seem to be saying that on the fourth day of the Earth's creation, is when the sun and moon were created, thus making them not only the same age as each other, but 3-4 days younger than the Earth - which on a cosmic scale, is about the same age all around.

Now as I said in a previous commentary about the creation of the heavens or firmament, that I don't believe all the things in the heavens and the entire universe of stars and other astronomical bodies did not exist until the Earth was formed and given a sky, but rather, that the formation of the Earth's sky (or heaven) more likely (in my opinion) referred both to the creation of an atmosphere, and the way in which it was designed that people on the Earth would have a view through the atmosphere to see the stars and other things in the universe (such as can be seen from the Earth's surface) and that God did create the universe and things in it other than the Earth, though beforehand.

Whether the atmosphere might have been clouded or in some other way obscured until after there was a water cycle established and plant life begun and thus perhaps there may not have been a proper view of the sun and moon and stars until this stage of the creation, or whether there might be some other reason for why these things (lights in the heavens) are mentioned here instead of earlier (or even later) in the list about the process of the creation of the Earth, I can't claim to know for certain.

What I do believe for certain, is that God did make the sun and the the moon and the stars, and didn't simply set everything in a random or accidental pattern, but instead planned what the measurements of days and years and seasons would be; planned for there to be tides regulated by the moon and seasons affected by the tilt of the Earth and its distance from the sun, and the ways in which people observing the stars could also measure times and seasons with their (apparent) movements.

These verses do say that God made all these things; they say that God said for them to be there, and they were; that they were to be for signs and seasons and measuring of time, and they are; it does not (in this language translation) say that God could not have prepared all of these beforehand, and then unveiled them at this time. Or, put another way, it might be that God had them ready and then at this time adjusted their settings (so to speak), putting finishing touches on the balance of everything so that it would be set to the patterns that everything would be in when God put humans and animals on the Earth. Everything might have been very different before.

Perhaps this was only listed after the creation of plant life, not because of any literal sequence of events in the creation of the Earth, but simply was the order things were taught by God to Moses and other prophets in ancient times, when God was teaching them about the creation of the Earth. That people in ancient times would well understand the importance of light being provided for plants to grow, and that discussion of specific light sources that could be seen in the sky and the ways in which they could mark or indicate seasons and be useful as signs, would be best understood after (or in connection with) mention of the plant life being placed on the Earth, because of so much of the significance placed on the seasons and on measuring time in the life of humans in ancient times (and many places still in the world today) may have seemed to revolve primarily around the planting, growing, and harvesting of crops. The life cycles of the plants thus giving greater significance to the measuring of times and seasons than it otherwise would have.

Given that these verses twice state that the lights in the heavens were for dividing the day from the night, also twice mentions they are for giving light to the Earth, it seems to me that emphasizes the importance of light for sustaining life on the Earth, and also on the concept of measuring time - as verse 14 says, for the lights in the heavens to be "for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years."

I have mentioned before about how light is a powerful symbol and concept, as well as being a literally important thing in many ways throughout history. In this passage we are seeing what I think is basically a note that the sources of light also are important symbols for the very reason that they are light sources, and that God not only would have expected that, but planned for it. Many times through the history of the world (and as recorded in scripture) God will use them not only for symbols, but also for signs to prophets and others; and of course, they also are for measuring time, which sometimes can also be used for signs.

Genesis 1:11-13

Genesis 1:11-13

11. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.

12. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

13. And the evening and the morning were the third day.

comments:

I view this as another reasonable, logical step in setting up a planet capable of sustaining life: plant life, described with examples of both simple grasses, herbaceous plants and the like (and undoubtedly, simpler forms) and more complex, larger forms of plant life such as (for example) fruit trees.

All are described as having seeds that are each "after his kind" - a concept easily understood and relatable to people familiar with even the most basic of concepts used in farming and gardening. This concept being that the seed of a plant, when planted, grows the same kind of plant as that from whence it came - with limited possible variation, perhaps, but always the same type of plant, never something entirely different. The seed from a fig tree does not grow an olive tree, seeds from tares do not grow wheat no matter how much the plants may at first look similar to each other, and wild grasses do not seed groves of trees, but instead one must plant tree seeds in order to get trees to grow.

This is one of many concepts used as a basic principle in examples for teaching by prophets through the ages, along with the related concept of the fruit of a type of tree only being found on that type of tree - and not growing on something else. One naturally does not find figs and olives growing on the same tree together; each comes only from its own kind of tree, and yields its own kind of seed, which grows it own kind of tree only, and so on.

Another way I also look at these verses is that this passage is noting that not only was plant life placed on the Earth, but it was made as plant life with the full capability of perpetuating itself, each after its own kind.

It's not as though I don't think an all-powerful creator, creative force or other being able to accomplish everything that had come previously might not also be able to continuously create more new plants to keep replenishing the supply of various plants on the Earth as needed, but would it be a reasonable or efficient use of time and energy to do so? I don't believe in a God who would make a world that would have to be constantly micromanaged. It seems far more reasonable and logical to me, to utilize natural laws and order and create forms of life organized according to principles of being able to self-perpetuate, and to establish self-sustaining biodiversity and interrelated ecological systems that are able to adjust and adapt to each other, to changing conditions, climates, seasons, etc. The design of the Earth, from the tiniest and simplest microorganisms, through all forms of plant life (and everything else living) up to and including the largest systems of interconnected forests, all have the ability to reproduce each after its own kind. I believe all of it is part of God's plan.

And, of course, as with every previous stage of creation, God saw that it was good.